Journal articles: 'London Prototype' – Grafiati (2024)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

As part of the overall programme for the renewal of the Central Line, London Underground is purchasing three prototype trains. These trains incorporate many new features and will form the basis for the next generation of tube rolling stock. The trains are being bought on a main contractor basis and a complete specification was produced. The trains were ordered in May 1984 and are due for delivery this year. The major technical innovations of the trains are the use of large aluminium extrusions, solid state traction control, and materials with an improved fire performance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

An electron plasma lens is a cost-effective, compact, strong-focusing element that can ensure efficient capture of low-energy proton and ion beams from laser-driven sources. A Gabor lens prototype was built for high electron density operation at Imperial College London. The parameters of the stable operation regime of the lens and its performance during a beam test with 1.4 MeV protons are reported here. Narrow pencil beams were imaged on a scintillator screen 67 cm downstream of the lens. The lens converted the pencil beams into rings that show position-dependent shape and intensity modulation that are dependent on the settings of the lens. Characterisation of the focusing effect suggests that the plasma column exhibited an off-axis rotation similar to the m=1 diocotron instability. The association of the instability with the cause of the rings was investigated using particle tracking simulations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The Automobile Association, Ordnance Survey, Philips BV and Robert Bosch GmbH are collaborating in a project to create and test a prototype navigation database. The project, (PANDORA–Prototyping A Navigation Database Of Road-network Attributes) which is being managed by consultants MVA Systematica, is supported by the European Community's DRIVE initiative.The data requirements of future vehicle navigation systems such as CARIN from Philips, Travelpilot/EVA from Bosch and the Autoguide scheme for London have been examined. Digital street networks have been extracted mainly from Ordnance Survey's large-scale digital mapping, and the necessary road and traffic attributes have been collected by the AA. These data have been integrated into a specially-designed prototype database for parts of London and Birmingham and the major interconnecting roads. Data have been abstracted from the database and supplied to Bosch and Philips using the Geographic Data Files (GDF) standard developed in the DEMETER project. This dataset is being tested in field trials using prototype vehicle navigation systems. The dataset will also be provided to the DRIVE Project ‘Task Forc European Digital Road Map’ as benchmark test task number 12.This paper describes the project, dealing with its objectives and relationship to other European initiatives, the work undertaken, the standards utilized and developed, its results and conclusions, and the lessons learned with respect to provision of data for larger areas of Europe. A glossary of technical terms and abbreviations is also included.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The measurements of proton–nucleus scattering and high resolution neutrino–nucleus interaction imaging are key in reducing neutrino oscillation systematic uncertainties in future experiments. A High Pressure Time Projection Chamber (HPTPC) prototype has been constructed and operated at the Royal Holloway University of London and CERN as a first step in the development of a HPTPC that is capable of performing these measurements as part of a future long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment, such as the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment. In this paper, we describe the design and operation of the prototype HPTPC with an argon based gas mixture. We report on the successful hybrid charge and optical readout using four CCD cameras of signals from 241Am sources.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

A study of Johann Christian Bach's keyboard music prompts the obvious and important question: which of his sonatas and concertos were composed for harpsichord, and which for the piano? (Indeed, did he think of them as two distinct instruments at all?) And what sort of pianos did he have available on the occasions when he played them in public? Did he really play his ‘Solo on the Piano Forte’ at the Thatched House on 2 June 1768 (in a concert that consisted mainly of orchestral music) on a little Zumpe square, or was he already using a prototype English grand? When were these various models of piano first made in London, and what musical use did other composers and performers, as well as J. C. Bach, make of them?

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The subject here is the limited comparison of two potential prototype evaluation systems at University Hospital in London, Ontario. The analysis focuses on the categorization of in-patients within particular subspecialties (general surgery and cardiology) on the basis of total hours of care provided by diagnostic and treatment staff (the resource consumption measure), and average nursing acuity or discharge nursing workload (the category descriptors). A comparison is also made with Case Mix Group (CMG) categories within these subspecialties, taking into account that CMGs are a factor evaluation system and are based on clinical characteristics.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The benefits of ‘green infrastructure’ are multi-faceted and well-documented, but estimating those of individual street-scale planting schemes at planning can be challenging. This is crucial to avoid undervaluing proposed schemes in cost–benefit analyses, and ensure they are resilient to ‘value engineering’ between planning and implementation. Here, we introduce prototype software enabling urban practitioners to estimate the site-specific air quality impacts of roadside vegetation barriers: highly localised changes in pollutant concentrations due to changes in the dispersion of vehicular emissions close to source. We summarise the recent shift in understanding regarding the impacts of vegetation on urban air pollution towards changes in pollutant dispersion (cf. deposition) and describe our prototype software, offering rapid estimates thereof. First tests of the underlying model’s performance are promising, reproducing: annual mean NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations in a street canyon (Marylebone Road, London, UK) to within 10% and 25%, respectively; and changes in pollutant concentrations of the right order of magnitude behind roadside barriers in a wind tunnel simulation of a street canyon and a real open-road environment. However, the model underestimates the benefits of a barrier in a simulated street canyon under perpendicular wind conditions. The prototype software is a first step towards informing practitioners of the site-specific impacts of vegetation barriers, which should always be additional to (i.e., no substitute for) essential emission reductions. The code is open-source to engage further researchers in its continued development.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Abstract This essay starts with a story about Christie’s collections at his home from around the world that he collected during his field research. The postcard from Australia on an Aussie Gentlemen fits into his description of Australians in the jokes as “coarse Australians”. Christie explained the Essexgirl jokes in London and I learned the importance of contexts hidden behind the jokes such as socio-cultural characteristics, mobility and social division in UK. Christie’s analysis of the Japanese jokes about stupidity revealed the prototype of ethnic jokes in Japan.From the episode at his home in Reading I will reflect on his father’s influence on his humor research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

On October 1, 1960, the British colonialists departed Nigeria, leaving behind one lonely university campus at Ibadan which was established in 1948 as an affiliate of the University of London and a prototype of British educational philosophy for the colonies. Thirty-five years into the post-colonial era, Nigerians established 40 new universities, 69 polytechnics, colleges of technology and of education. Twenty of the universities and 17 polytechnics are owned by the federal government while the state governments control the others. Nigerian universities are largely directed by Nigerian faculty and staff. The student enrollment in the universities is on the increase, reaching an estimated 400,000 Nigerian students and a handful of African and non-African students.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

On October 1, 1960, the British colonialists departed Nigeria, leaving behind one lonely university campus at Ibadan which was established in 1948 as an affiliate of the University of London and a prototype of British educational philosophy for the colonies. Thirty-five years into the post-colonial era, Nigerians established 40 new universities, 69 polytechnics, colleges of technology and of education. Twenty of the universities and 17 polytechnics are owned by the federal government while the state governments control the others. Nigerian universities are largely directed by Nigerian faculty and staff. The student enrollment in the universities is on the increase, reaching an estimated 400,000 Nigerian students and a handful of African and non-African students.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The future impacts of climate change on citizen health and building energy demand have been researched considering two possible IPCC global climate scenarios: RCP 4.5 (stabilization emission scenario) and RCP 8.5 (little effort to reduce emissions). The climate scenarios have been dynamically downscaled from 1° to 50 meters of spatial resolution over three European cities: Madrid, Milan and London. Air quality has also been simulated up to streets levels. Climate and air pollution information are used as input to the health impact and building energy demand assessment tools. The impacts are calculated as future (2030, 2050 and 2100) minus present (2011). The short term health impact assessment includes mortality and morbidity related with changes in the temperature and air pollution concentrations. The larger increase of costs of mortality and morbidity was noted in the increasing scenario (RCP8.5) for year 2100, because RCP 8.5 is characterized by temperature increments. Maps of the spatial distribution of the costs of the climate change have showed Building energy demand simulations have been achieved with the EnergyPlus model using specific prototype buildings based on ASHRAE 90.1 Prototype Building Modeling Specifications and urban climate information by each building. .The results show an increase in cooling demand with RCP 8.5 because future will be cooler that the present.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The Thurnham radar is a prototype of a potential operational C-Band dual-polarisation weather radar designed specifically for the measurement of rainfall. It is also designed to increase the radar coverage over London when operating as a conventional C-Band radar as a direct consequence of the Lewes floods of October 2000. Dual-polarisation processing is expected to provide improved estimation of rainfall rates, especially at higher intensities, in terms of clutter removal, attenuation correction and rainfall estimation. In this study, three hydrological models with different mathematical structures were selected to evaluate the impact that dual-polarisation technology could have on operational hydrology and recommendations provided on the further development of the dual-polarisation algorithms in the short term. The preliminary appraisal was focused on the Upper Medway Catchment (south of London, UK) using different precipitation inputs, including raingauge measurements, radar rainfall estimates from single-polarised algorithms (cartesian format) and five different dual-polarisation algorithms (polar format). The influence of the different rainfall inputs on the various hydrological models were compared using a extreme flood event to provide an initial evaluation of the performance of the Thurnham radar. Recommendations for applying dual-polarisation radar to real-time flood forecasting are discussed in detail.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

In 1951 a fortuitous accident of seating at a dinner party brought together Hugh gainsborough, a gastroenterologist at St george's Hospital, and Harold Hopkins, a young physicist working at Imperial College London. over dinner gainsborough lamented the inadequacies of the gastroscopic instruments of the time. The problem, he said, was that the existing rigid devices had blind spots. one could never be sure that one hadn't missed something when exploring a patient's stomach. What was needed was a flexible gastroscope that could see 'round corners'. Hopkins, a problem-solver by nature, was captivated by the notion and spent the next three years working on a design. By 1954 he had built a prototype of the world's first fibreoptic endoscope, a device that revolutionised the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal ailments. It was the first, but not the last, of hopkins's great contributions to science and, in particular, to surgery.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

This article argues that Shakespeare’s George of Clarence is a war veteran traumatised by his wartime experience, and that he can be regarded as a prototype of the modern shell-shocked soldier. Seizing on Jonathan Shay’s study on war trauma, it explores how Clarence becomes traumatised through a trajectory of degradation of personality due to his commander’s breach of themis in 3Henry VI. Edward’s breach of honour triggers the destabilisation of Clarence’s character, which, the article argues, suffers a traumatic breakdown in consequence of the murdering of Prince Edward. Turning to Richard III, the article explores how Clarence is haunted by his war trauma by examining Clarence’s insulation in the Tower of London, which powerfully symbolises the medieval veteran’s postwar dilemma. The repetition of war trauma is further borne out by Clarence’s nightmare, which, the article suggests, is not unlike the compulsive dream that occurs to the Freudian veteran after the Great War.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

A version of this paper was first presented at the Royal Institute of Navigation NAV 08 Conference held at Church House, Westminster, London in October 2008.There exist various applications for indoor positioning, amongst which indoor positioning and tracking in urban environments has gained significant attention. Some user communities, like fire fighters, ideally require indoor accuracy of less than one metre, with accuracies of less than six metres acceptable by some other user communities. Achieving this level of accuracy requires a detailed profiling of error sources so that they can be better understood so that, in turn, indoor positioning accuracy in the presence of these errors can be further improved. Some well known error sources like multipath, NLOS (non line of sight), oscillator drift, dilution of precision and others have been studied and can be found in the literature. A less well known error source that can substantially affect indoor positioning accuracy are the effects of the dielectric properties of building materials on propagation delay.Various RF and non-RF based prototypes that claim to be suitable for indoor positioning can be found in the literature. Most of the existing literature discusses algorithms and summarizes the positioning results that were achieved during field tests using a prototype system or, more commonly, simulations. Little of this existing literature provides a breakdown of the total navigation system errors observed with the objective of analyzing the contribution of each error source independently.The paper will first provide a brief overview of the precision personnel locator system developed at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. The field tests and observed indoor positioning results using this RF prototype will then be summarized and used to provide a baseline to establish a system error budget. The total observed error will be broken down and a detailed analysis of each of the error sources will be presented based on actual measured data in a variety of indoor environments. This leads to a better understanding of how each error source affects indoor positioning accuracy. Each of the error sources can then be independently optimized to minimize the observed errors. Specifically, the interplay between the dielectric properties and multipath profiles will be highlighted. This paper will conclude by presenting an error budget which can be used as a practical lower bound when designing precise indoor positioning systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The edition of Statius which Johannes Fredericus Gronovius (1611–1671) published in Amsterdam in 1653 is acknowledged as the most significant stage in the evolution of the printed text of the Thebaid before the late nineteenth century. J.B. Hall rightly stresses that, in spite of some blemishes, it is the first edition of Statius' works which ‘shows the application of much thought to the editorial process’ and ‘deserves to be called critical in the fullest sense’. In accordance with contemporary practice, Gronovius aimed not at establishing Statius' text through a reconstruction of the manuscript tradition but, rather, at selectively correcting a printed textus receptus. The prototype used for producing the text of his edition was the text of the edition of Amsterdam 1630 (a reproduction of that of Amsterdam 1624, itself derived from Gevartius' edition of Leiden 1616). Gronovius' text is not beyond reproach, even when judged from the perspective of the textus receptus. The number of passages corrected remains indeed limited. It is, however, higher than in any other printed text between the first Aldine (Venice, 1502) and the edition of Müller (Leipzig, 1870). More importantly, Gronovius' corrections are usually of great value, and many of them promote readings that are still considered correct today. From the disappointingly short commentary (‘gustus’) in which Gronovius discussed a few problematic passages, it can be clearly seen that his corrections relied on solid information and good skills. Although Gronovius' knowledge of the textual transmission of Statius did not compare with Heinsius' knowledge of that of Ovid, his edition stands out, in the tradition of the Thebaid, for the numerous manuscripts it made use of: eleven (at least), as we learn from his commentary.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

This article explores the potential that community-led digital engagement with heritage holds for stimulating active citizenship through taking responsibility for shared cultural heritage and for fostering long-lasting relationships between local community heritage groups and national museums. Through the lens of a pilot project titled Science Museum: Community-in-Residence, we discovered that – despite working with community groups that were already loyal to and enjoyed existing working ties with the Science Museum in London, United Kingdom – this undertaking proved challenging owing to a range of structural and logistical issues even before the application of digital devices and tools had been considered. These challenges notwithstanding, the pilot found that the creation of time and space for face-to-face dialogue and interactions between the Science Museum and the participating community heritage groups helped to establish the parameters within which digital co-curation can effectively occur. This, in turn, informed the development of a digital prototype with huge potential to enable remote, virtual connectivity to, and interactivity with, conversations about shared heritage. The ultimate goal was twofold: (a) to help facilitate collaborative sense-making of our shared past and (b) to aid the building of sustainable institutional and community/public working ties around emerging affinities, agendas and research questions in relation to public history and heritage.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

ABSTRACTThe impacts of winter weather on transport networks have been highlighted by various high-profile disruptions to road, rail, and air transport in the United Kingdom during recent winters. Recent advances in the predictability of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) at seasonal time scales, using the Met Office Global Seasonal forecasting system, version 5 (GloSea5), present a timely opportunity for assessing the long-range predictability of a variety of winter-weather impacts on transport. This study examines the relationships between the observed and forecast NAO and a variety of U.K. winter impacts on transport in the road, rail, and aviation sectors. The results of this preliminary study show statistically significant relationships between both observed and forecast NAO index and quantities such as road-accident numbers in certain weather conditions, weather-related delays to flights leaving London Heathrow Airport, and weather-related incidents on the railway network. This supports the feasibility of the onward goal of this work, which is to investigate prototype seasonal forecasts of the relative risk of occurrence of particular impacts in a given winter for the United Kingdom, at lead times of 1–3 months. In addition, subject to the availability of relevant impacts data, there is scope for further work to make similar assessments for other parts of Europe and North America where the NAO has a strong effect on winter climate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

There are a large number of materials with mild stiffness, which are not as soft as tissues and not as strong as metals. These semihard materials include energetic materials, molecular crystals, layered materials, and van der Waals crystals. The integrity and mechanical stability are mainly determined by the interactions between instantaneously induced dipoles, the so called London dispersion force or van der Waals force. It is challenging to accurately model the structural and mechanical properties of these semihard materials in the frame of density functional theory where the non-local correlation functionals are not well known. Here, we propose a van der Waals density functional named vdW-DFq to accurately model the density and geometry of semihard materials. Using β -cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine as a prototype, we adjust the enhancement factor of the exchange energy functional with generalized gradient approximations. We find this method to be simple and robust over a wide tuning range when calibrating the functional on-demand with experimental data. With a calibrated value q = 1.05 , the proposed vdW-DFq method shows good performance in predicting the geometries of 11 common energetic material molecular crystals and three typical layered van der Waals crystals. This success could be attributed to the similar electronic charge density gradients, suggesting a wide use in modeling semihard materials. This method could be useful in developing non-empirical density functional theories for semihard and soft materials.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Overwhelmingly, the British reputation of George Gershwin is as a ‘serious’ composer: but this is liable to obscure not only the contributions he and his brother Ira made to the popular music theatre in Britain, but also, conversely, the British influences upon this seemingly all-American pair. George was profoundly influenced by that pre-eminent American Anglophile of his time, Jerome Kern, while British influences upon the semi-scholarly Ira extended far beyond W. S. Gilbert and P. G. Wodehouse. After ‘Swanee’ swept Britain in 1920, and George had honed his art and craft by writing the score for the West End revue, The Rainbow (1923), came the musical comedy, Primrose (1924) – its score his first to be published, and including some of his earliest orchestrations. A prototype of the frivolous comedies of the era, Primrose marked the first time the brothers were billed together as the Gershwins, since Ira had earlier written as ‘Arthur Francis’: it was also the immediate precursor of their first great Broadway hit, Lady, Be Good! Finally, in 1928, Ira collaborated, without George, on the London show That's a Good Girl – though Damsel in Distress, the brothers' last film musical, was a valedictory to the British-American musical comedy of the era. James Moore's earlier transatlantic study, of Cole Porter in Britain, appeared in NTQ30 (1992), and his Radio Two programme on the revue producer André Charlot was broadcast in October 1993.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

AbstractA prototype high-resolution (1 km, 5 min) multiradar 3D gridded reflectivity product, including a suite of derived 2D vertical column products, has been developed for the Single European Skies Air Traffic Management Research program. As part of this, a new method for mapping radar data to grid points is being used, based on the concept of a binary space partitioning (BSP) tree that treats radar data as a set of points in a 3D point cloud. This allows the resulting analysis to be based on a complete picture of the nearby data from overlapping radars and can easily adapt to irregular grid configurations. This method is used with a Barnes successive corrections technique to retrieve finescale features while avoiding problems of undersmoothing in data-sparse regions. This has been tested using 3D domains enclosing the terminal maneuvering areas surrounding Paris, France, and London, United Kingdom, and using reflectivity plan position indicator scan data from the French and U.K. operational networks, encoded using the standard European Operational Programme for the Exchange of Weather Radar Information (OPERA) Data Information Model format. Quantitative intercomparisons between the new method, in various configurations; a high-resolution version of an existing method, in operational use at Météo-France; and a method that was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for use with the Weather Surveillance Radar-1998 Doppler radar network, have been done using simulated radar scans derived from 3D synthetic radar reflectivity fields in stratiform and convective regimes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Paramedics deal with a variety of emergency situations, ranging from natural disasters to road traffic accidents. Higher education providers need to critically explore how to best prepare student paramedics for high risk, unforeseen events that require critical awareness and diagnostic problem-solving capabilities. Hi-fidelity mannequin based simulation is a widely adopted and proven technique for clinical training and critical care response education (Kaufman, 2010). However, traditional mannequin based simulation in isolation limits a meaningful learning context and authentic real-world assessment influences. The MESH360 project involves a collaborative transdisciplinary team of designers and educational researchers, in the design of XR to enhance student and professional paramedic training to prepare practitioners for the environmental stressors and critical care decisions involved in high-risk situations. This presentation explores the third iteration prototype design stage of an immersive reality (XR) enhanced simulation project in critical healthcare higher education. To promote student engagement through innovative learning tasks, XR was employed to introduce critical elements of patient and practitioner risk and stress by creating a learning environment that more authentically simulates these elements. Design Based Research (DBR) provided a structure within a four-phase iterative framework (McKenney & Reeves, 2012) when designing the XR learning environment (Cochrane et al., 2017). Using DBR, the project explored the impact of mobile XR enhanced simulation for novice and professional paramedics. This project explored the development and implementation with an enhanced simulation scenario involving a virtual helicopter ride and an immersive simulated patient rescue. The project used mixed methods to triangulate qualitative and quantitative data within the design. We measured participant stress by recording heart rate (HR) followed by subjective qualitative participant responses and feedback (Pre and post participant surveys, and post focus group). The thematic analysis showed a positive and enthusiastic experience by the students. Whilst some thought there was room for increased helicopter fidelity, all students believed that XR provided a more authentic experience. This presentation will demonstrate the methods and user reaction of this prototype study. This is the third iteration prototyping a DBR project that explores the development of an immersive reality framework for enhanced critical care simulation for educating paramedics within an authentic learning environment. A learning solution was implemented into an educational setting offering context to real-world learning within an engaging authentic environment. The next stages of the research will iteratively evaluate and refine prototype immersive reality learning environments, comparing the impact upon both novice and expert paramedics. This will inform the next phase of the DBR project that will focus upon the development of design principles for a transferable design framework. References Cochrane, T., Cook, S., Aiello, S., Christie, D., Sinfield, D., Steagall, M., & Aguayo, C. (2017). A DBR Framework for Designing Mobile Virtual Reality Learning Environments. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology (AJET), 33(6), 54-68. doi: https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.3613 Kaufman, D. (2010). Simulation in Health Professional Education. In D. Kaufman & L. Sauvé (Eds.), Educational Gameplay and Simulation Environments: Case Studies and Lessons Learned (pp. 51-67). Hershey, PA, USA: IGI Global. McKenney, S., & Reeves, T. (2012). Conducting educational design research. London: Routledge.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

IntroductionAir and noise pollution are emerging environmental health hazards in African cities, with potentially complex spatial and temporal patterns. Limited local data are a barrier to the formulation and evaluation of policies to reduce air and noise pollution.Methods and analysisWe designed a year-long measurement campaign to characterise air and noise pollution and their sources at high-resolution within the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), Ghana. Our design uses a combination of fixed (year-long, n=10) and rotating (week-long, n =~130) sites, selected to represent a range of land uses and source influences (eg, background, road traffic, commercial, industrial and residential areas, and various neighbourhood socioeconomic classes). We will collect data on fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOx), weather variables, sound (noise level and audio) along with street-level time-lapse images. We deploy low-cost, low-power, lightweight monitoring devices that are robust, socially unobtrusive, and able to function in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) climate. We will use state-of-the-art methods, including spatial statistics, deep/machine learning, and processed-based emissions modelling, to capture highly resolved temporal and spatial variations in pollution levels across the GAMA and to identify their potential sources. This protocol can serve as a prototype for other SSA cities.Ethics and disseminationThis environmental study was deemed exempt from full ethics review at Imperial College London and the University of Massachusetts Amherst; it was approved by the University of Ghana Ethics Committee (ECH 149/18-19). This protocol is designed to be implementable in SSA cities to map environmental pollution to inform urban planning decisions to reduce health harming exposures to air and noise pollution. It will be disseminated through local stakeholder engagement (public and private sectors), peer-reviewed publications, contribution to policy documents, media, and conference presentations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Abstract Introduction Electronic crossmatch is not available in all United Kingdom hospitals potentially leading to a large number of manual serological crossmatches relative to the number of red cell units actually transfused. In 2011 it was observed that there was a high Red Cell crossmatch to transfusion ratio (C:T ratio) at a large London teaching hospital (St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust serves a population of 1.3 million across South West London and includes services such as cardiothoracic surgery, and renal transplantation). An initial activity to reduce the C:T ratio was the introduction of a Maximum Surgical Blood Ordering Schedule (MBOS) that gives pre-operative guidance on how many red cell units should be crossmatched for each procedure. Over corresponding 5 month periods in 2011 and 2012 there was a decrease of 200 units ordered pre-operatively, and a drop in C:T ratio from 5:1 to 4:1. There was also a decrease in the ordering of red blood cell stock of 200 units/month which equates to a cost saving of £24,600 (US$ 41,532) per month. Re-audit in 2014 showed the improved C:T ratio was maintained but still too high at 4:1. A survey showed a lack of awareness of the MBOS, poor access to the MBOS because it is buried in an Intranet with large amounts of content, and 28% pre-operative anaemia. Furthermore, strict limits on junior doctor working hours led to loss of continuity of care with blood test results not being looked at in a timely manner, potentially leading to unnecessary transfusion. This was discussed at the London Regional Transfusion Committee (RTC) (with members from 90 hospitals) and it was agreed that a smartphone Application (‘App’) would stimulate further improvement. Method Two RTC members and one St George’s representative jointly developed an iOS App called ‘MBOS Master’. Significant time was spent writing a detailed software specification to clarify the required functions of the App and how these functions would operate. Subsequently a prototype was demonstrated to key stakeholders, including staff in the pre-operative clinics and the London RTC through its regular meetings. Results Stakeholder feedback was used to improve the user interface and functionality. Comments were made about the convenience of the MBOS in this format for both clinical and laboratory teams, how it would support communication between the different areas, and allow consistency of information to users. Improvements were made to the display of information to increase visibility of essential information. MBOS Master was enhanced by the addition of functions that support the handover of a list of blood tests taken pre-operatively (hopefully to improve continuity of care). MBOS Master allows: The RTC to send messages to all MBOS Master users within the region, such as blood product warnings, and upcoming meetingsThe local hospital to upload its own customised MBOS just for users within that hospitalThe local hospital to upload information that is tailored to its local users, such as important phone numbers, and hospital transfusion committee meetingsEasy navigation of the MBOS with the opportunity for individual users to store a Favorites list of frequently used recommendationsThe user to make multiple lists of patient hospital numbers and set reminders to chase results of pending blood tests, or to email the lists to colleagues. Discussion This project illustrates the importance of clearly defining the aim and functions of an App methodically, hands on development of the App by health professionals who are in touch with day to day transfusion practice, and the iterative process of testing with future users to maximise the ease of use and functionality of an App for healthcare purposes. The pre-release version is undergoing further testing by key stakeholders and is anticipated to be available in autumn 2014 through Apple’s App Store, with an Android version soon to follow. Ordering of red cells in relation to the MBOS will be reaudited 6 months after the App is launched to assess its impact on C:T ratio. In future the App will be assessed in terms of impact on the C:T ratio, blood stocks, and early treatment of pre-operative anemia. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Adrien has a PhD from Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (both MA, USA) in biomedical engineering and biophysics, with a specific focus on cardiovascular devices, fiber optic sensing and optical coherence tomography. After his PhD, he led technical developments in an internal venture at Philips Research (Eindhoven, Netherlands) to develop devices with integrated optical sensors and brought this technology from benchtop prototypes to in vivo human studies. In addition to his responsibilities at Echopoint Medical (London, UK) where he is Chief Technology Officer, Adrien is also is a Professor of Biomedical Engineering at University College London (London, UK), where he leads the interventional devices group with a vision to develop novel methods for performing physiological measurements and imaging with minimally invasive devices. He has over 52 patent applications and granted patents.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Condemned as degenerate art during the Third Reich, German Zeitopern and their artistic treatment of technological infiltration during die Weimar Republic have sparked a variety of new research projects, world-wide musical performances and CD releases from Decca/London in a continuing series entitled ‘Entartete Kunst.’ Manifestos were written in response to the penetration of technology into nearly every aspect of human life, envisaging a future where human beings would interact organically with their new urban environments. Expressionism, Americanism and the concept of Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) symbolized fresh driving forces that emerged most visibly in opera. In contrast to pre-war Romanticism and Wagnerian mythology, the ‘New Objectivity’ demonstrated a radical commitment to the modern environment, focusing on visible, objective reality rather dian on the emotions of the artist. Particularly in Zeitopern, composers like Max Brand, Paul Hindemith, and Ernst Krenek embraced contemporary ideas of progress, new technological inventions, modern electronic communication systems and means of transportation as props, story topics and artistic vehicles to introduce new sound-effects. In several instances modern technology appeared as simply anodier stage-prop in die long history of opera stage design. In die context of European conceptions of Americanism, technology was pardy understood as a threat to the establishment's reverence for Romantic high culture. And yet in many instances it was also a welcome tool in the project of redirecting all the arts from their stagnant, inflexible pasts to modern, progressive forms of contemporary entertainment. Such diverse attitudes to the potent symbolism of the machine indicate a conflict inherent in aesthetic practice at the time and raise fundamental questions. Do composers successfully represent human beings as creative and autonomous individuals while simultaneously introducing technological images of dominance and depersonalization? If there are contradictory aspects in the representation of technology, how do they relate to the various aesthetic views of the 1920s? Max Brand's central work and acclaimed prototype of Zeitopern, Maschinist Hopkins (1928), brings the world of technology and its sophisticated artifacts to the musical stage. A close analysis reveals basic contradictions, symptomatic of the era, in the composer's embrace of modern technology.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The appearance of J. R. Oldfield's study, Popular politics and British anti-slavery, first published by Manchester University Press in 1995, now in paperback and therefore available for a student market, is much to be welcomed. The book is already well established in its field. As James Walvin writes in his preface, ‘Oldfield's research serves to clinch a simple but critical issue, namely that in the attack on the slave trade, popular revulsion was crucial’ (p. vi). Building on the work of earlier scholars, notably Seymour Drescher, Hugh Honour and Clare Midgley, Oldfield has demonstrated the ways in which the abolition movement turned to mobilizing public opinion after 1787 against the slave trade. At the centre of his investigation are the petition campaigns of 1788 and 1792. In analysing anti-slavery sentiment he successfully brings together approaches which focus on the eighteenth century as a period of expansion in commercial society and popular forms of politics with the agenda of historians of the slave trade and slavery. The abolition movement, he argues, provided the prototype for modern reforming organizations. It was peopled by practical middle-class men who understood the importance of the expansion of the market and consumer choice. It succeeded in capturing the imagination of those, predominantly middle-class men and women, who were increasingly interested in engaging in forms of public debate and who had the resources, both in terms of time and money, to do so. His book, he argues, is a piece of ‘thick description’ which offers ‘fresh insights into the increasingly powerful role of the middle classes in influencing Parliamentary politics from outside the confines of Westminster’ (p. 5).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The concept of vertical farming is nearly twenty years old, however, there are only a few experimental prototypes despite its many advantages compared to conventional agriculture. Significantly, financial uncertainty has been identified as the largest barrier to the realization of a ‘real' vertical farm. Some specialists have provided ways to calculate costs and return on investment, however, most of them are superficial with calculations based on particular contextual circ*mstances. To move the concept forwards a reliable and flexible estimating tool, specific to this new building typology, is clearly required. A computational system, software named VFer, has therefore been developed by the authors to provide such a solution. This paper examines this highly flexible, customised system and results from several typical vertical farm configurations in three mega-cities (Shanghai, London and Washington DC) are used to elucidate the potential economic return of vertical farms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Inspired by scholarly calls to focus more intently on the influence of context on leaders’ construction and negotiation of identity, this paper draws on evidence from our Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) project in London, New York City and Toronto. Throughout the paper, we strive to illuminate how the city-based context influences how race/ethnicity is experienced and described. We use social identity theory, organisational fit and in-group prototypes to frame school leaders’ explicit discuss race/ethnicity when reflecting on identity. We describe our data gathering process using our Professional Identity card-sort Tool, which guided leaders’ reflections on identity. The analysis details how we extracted and interpreted evidence from leaders who were explicit about the interrelationship between their own personal racial/ethnic identification and its alignment or misalignment with their school-level communities. We explore how different city contexts influence leader experience of in-groups and out-groups and the related leadership challenges and opportunities. In conclusion, we reflect on the influence that structures, policies and communities have on how leaders experience identity and the possible implications for their work. We also explore the value of attending to potential context-based identity-driven experiences for school leader development and support.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Following the introduction of the Google Cardboard virtual reality (VR) head mounted display (HMD) in 2014, mainstream journalism began exploring the potential of VR to transform news storytelling as an immersive experience (Lalwani, 2015; Somaiya, 2015). However, unlike the transformative impact of social media on journalism and journalism education (Mulrennan, 2017), VR has taken several years for this to filter into the curriculum of journalism higher education. AUT’s journalism programme includes a final semester, capstone, assessment in which students produce a piece of long-form immersive journalism that provides the opportunity to embed VR storytelling as an authentic immersive experience. To address this we created a collaborative curriculum design team in 2019 to design a workshop (Sissons & Cochrane, 2019) to introduce journalism students to the potential of VR to explore and create an immersive journalism experience. We used a design based research methodology (McKenney & Reeves, 2019) to structure the curriculum design process into four phases: initial analysis and exploration, development of a prototype curriculum intervention, evaluation and redesign of the intervention, and dissemination of identified design principles and findings. Meeting weekly the design team brainstormed a workshop that mapped the affordances of mobile XR to a real world project, and created a simple demonstration XR environment (https://seekbeak.com/v/kvPq47DpjAw). We founded the workshop design upon the principles of heutagogy (Blaschke & Hase, 2019), as the principles of heutagogy map closely to the core journalism graduate profile outcomes (Cochrane, Sissons, & Mulrennan, 2017). In this workshop students worked in teams to film and compile an interactive experience based on the University’s Journalism Media Centre, creating an interactive tour using SeekBeak (https://seekbeak.com). Using AUTEC ethics processes we obtained informed consent from the participating students for a feedback survey that will inform the second phase redesign of the curriculum design for 2020. Anonymous post-workshop student feedback survey responses, with a 78% return rate (https://www.surveymonkey.com/results/SM-5SMVCVSJ7/) were very positive. We believe this collaborative curriculum design approach provides a simple model that can be utilised in other higher education discipline contexts. References Blaschke, L. M., & Hase, S. (2019). Heutagogy and digital media networks: Setting students on the path to lifelong learning. Pacific Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 1(1), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.24135/pjtel.v1i1.1 Cochrane, T., Sissons, H., & Mulrennan, D. (2017). Mainstreaming Mobile Learning in Journalism Education. In H. Crompton & J. Traxler (Eds.), Mobile Learning in Higher Education: Challenges in Context (pp. 19-30). New York: Routledge. Lalwani, M. (2015). ABC News introduces VR initiative with 360-degree tour of Syria. Retrieved from http://www.engadget.com/2015/09/17/abc-news-introduces-vr-initiative-with-360-degree-tour-of-syria/ McKenney, S., & Reeves, T. (2019). Conducting educational design research (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. Mulrennan, D. (2017). Mobile Social Media and the News: Where Heutagogy Enables Journalism Education. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, OnlineFirst(0), 1-12. doi:10.1177/1077695817720762 Sissons, H., & Cochrane, T. (2019). Newsroom Production: XRJournalism Workshop. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/XRJournalism Somaiya, R. (2015, 20 October 2015). The Times partners with Google on virtual reality project. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/21/business/media/the-times-partners-with-google-on-virtual-reality-project.html?smid=tw-nytimestech&smtyp=cur&_r=1

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

In February of this year an exhibition of the work of Hans Scharoun devised by Nasser Golzari and Peter Blundell Jones was put on at the RIBA in London, in connection with which was held a Scharoun Symposium on 17 February. This included two German speakers sponsored by the Goethe Institute. Günter Behnisch spoke as the leading practitioner in what could be called a Scharounian direction. Also invited was Alfred Schinz, one of the most articulate of Scharoun's assistants from the rich period of the early 1950s, when Scharoun devised the prototypes for all his later work. Schinz's health unfortunately let him down, and he suggested that his place be taken by Friedrich Mebes, an architect friend from Essen who had been a student of Scharoun in Berlin in the 1940s and who still practises rather well in a Scharounian direction. With some help from Schinz, Mebes prepared what turned out to be an inspiring and informative paper, and it is printed below slightly shortened and with some tidying of the translation. Peter Blundell Jones

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

BackgroundPatient experience surveys (PESs) often include informative free-text comments, but with no way of systematically, efficiently and usefully analysing and reporting these. The National Cancer Patient Experience Survey (CPES), used to model the approach reported here, generates > 70,000 free-text comments annually.Main aimTo improve the use and usefulness of PES free-text comments in driving health service changes that improve the patient experience.Secondary aims(1) To structure CPES free-text comments using rule-based information retrieval (IR) (‘text engineering’), drawing on health-care domain-specific gazetteers of terms, with in-built transferability to other surveys and conditions; (2) to display the results usefully for health-care professionals, in a digital toolkit dashboard display that drills down to the original free text; (3) to explore the usefulness of interdisciplinary mixed stakeholder co-design and consensus-forming approaches in technology development, ensuring that outputs have meaning for all; and (4) to explore the usefulness of Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) in structuring outputs for implementation and sustainability.DesignA scoping review, rapid review and surveys with stakeholders in health care (patients, carers, health-care providers, commissioners, policy-makers and charities) explored clinical dashboard design/patient experience themes. The findings informed the rules for the draft rule-based IR [developed using half of the 2013 Wales CPES (WCPES) data set] and prototype toolkit dashboards summarising PES data. These were refined following mixed stakeholder, concept-mapping workshops and interviews, which were structured to enable consensus-forming ‘co-design’ work. IR validation used the second half of the WCPES, with comparison against its manual analysis; transferability was tested using further health-care data sets. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) explored which toolkit features were preferred by health-care professionals, with a simple cost–benefit analysis. Structured walk-throughs with NHS managers in Wessex, London and Leeds explored usability and general implementation into practice.Key outcomesA taxonomy of ranked PES themes, a checklist of key features recommended for digital clinical toolkits, rule-based IR validation and transferability scores, usability, and goal-oriented, cost–benefit and marketability results. The secondary outputs were a survey, scoping and rapid review findings, and concordance and discordance between stakeholders and methods.Results(1) The surveys, rapid review and workshops showed that stakeholders differed in their understandings of the patient experience and priorities for change, but that they reached consensus on a shortlist of 19 themes; six were considered to be core; (2) the scoping review and one survey explored the clinical toolkit design, emphasising that such toolkits should be quick and easy to use, and embedded in workflows; the workshop discussions, the DCE and the walk-throughs confirmed this and foregrounded other features to form the toolkit design checklist; and (3) the rule-based IR, developed using noun and verb phrases and lookup gazetteers, was 86% accurate on the WCPES, but needs modification to improve this and to be accurate with other data sets. The DCE and the walk-through suggest that the toolkit would be well accepted, with a favourable cost–benefit ratio, if implemented into practice with appropriate infrastructure support.LimitationsSmall participant numbers and sampling bias across component studies. The scoping review studies mostly used top-down approaches and focused on professional dashboards. The rapid review of themes had limited scope, with no second reviewer. The IR needs further refinement, especially for transferability. New governance restrictions further limit immediate use.ConclusionsUsing a multidisciplinary, mixed stakeholder, use of co-design, proof of concept was shown for an automated display of patient experience free-text comments in a way that could drive health-care improvements in real time. The approach is easily modified for transferable application.Future workFurther exploration is needed of implementation into practice, transferable uses and technology development co-design approaches.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

In 1926 Horace Dall commenced optical work, with interests covering both microscopes and telescopes. Soon (1928), he was making solid eyepieces of the Tolles type. Eventually he developed skills in making lenses of the smallest size to be incorporated into microscope objectives of the highest numerical aperture; this culminated in an objective with a N.A. of 1.92 (a record). The lenses were jewelled elements worked with diamond dust. During World War 2 he repaired all the microscope lenses damaged in the U.K. that had originated with the German firm of Leitz.Horace Dall had an exceptionally inventive mind – and was so active in developing his ideas that he had insufficient time to formally write them up, hence much of his work remains unpublished. He did, however, keep extensive notebooks of his researches into optics. These, along with many prototypes, are now in the custody of the Science Museum, London. Combining his interests in travel, optics, and astronomy, Dall developed a number of portable, ultra-lightweight telescopes. He discovered that by incorporating what is in effect a long working distance, low-power microscope with a Cassegrain telescope he had an instrument with several advantages. The image was erect, the secondary small, and by use of a suitably placed internal stop, sky-flooding was eliminated without the use of shade tubes. Always looking for improvements in optical performance he hit on the idea of modifying the classical Cassegrain telescope by employing a prolate ellipsoidal primary mirror with a spherical secondary: independently discovered by Kirkham in the U.S.A. the type is now universally known as the Dall-Kirkham.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Esta investigación explora la utilización de materiales alternativos como el filamento termoplástico ABS y un moderno método de manufactura, como lo es la impresión 3D para reproducir la estructura de un instrumento medidor de revoluciones por minuto RPM de un motor aeronáutico con características de atenuación de campos electromagnéticos y supresión de ruido, similares a los instrumentos originales producidos con aluminio embutido, para lograr este propósito se emplea la ley de Gauss y el efecto de la jaula de Faraday, además mediante la combinación de plástico y fibra de vidrio se logra un sistema de paredes dobles que atenúan la propagación del sonido. Empleando el diseño e ingeniería asistidos por computador se ejecuta la simulación y validación del prototipo empleando el método de análisis por elementos finitos y análisis de compatibilidad electromagnética, finalmente los resultados de las pruebas de laboratorio y de campo permiten cuantificar las nuevas características mecánicas obtenidas. Palabras Clave: impresión 3D, instrumento aeronáutico, jaula de Faraday. Referencias [1]R. Collinson, Introduction to Avionics Systems, Rochester, Kent, U.K.: Springer, 2013. [2]G. M. P., Introducción a los procesos de manufactura, México: Mc Graw Hill, 2014. [3]B. v. d. Berg, 3D Printing, Leiden : Springer, 2016. [4]Airbus, «Airbus Technical Magazine,» FAST Flight Airworthiness Support Technology, vol. único, nº 55, p. 40, 2015. [5]J. H. &. L. Serway, Física para ciencias e Ingeniería, Filadelfia: Mc Graw Hill, 2002. [6]M. Moser, Ingeniería Acústica, teoría y aplicaciones., Berlin: Springer, 2009. [7]R. E. Olcina, «Radiación de energía electromagnética,» de Interferencias electromagnéticas en componentes electrónicos, Madrid, Dialnet, 1992, pp. 389-394. [8]Y. Freedman, Física Universitaria, México: Pearson, 2009. [9]B. P. N. Anderson, The Elecromagnetic Field, York, London: Springer, 1968. [10]U. S. Dixit, Simulations for design and manufacturing, Singapore: Springer, 2018.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Science and Technology develop very fast in every aspect of life, including in the aspect of education. As the development of science and technology, guiding teachers to be able to make use various kinds of creative and innovative learning media in learning process at school is needed in order to increase the effectivity of the learning process which will have impact on the students’ learning motivation and learning outcomes. According to the explanation, learning multimedia needs to be developed in order to increase the students’ learning motivation and learning outcomes. This research is a research and development (R&D), which is then modified by using Tessmer formative evaluation. The analysis results show that the web-based learning multimedia for lithosphere material has been proven its eligibility, that the web-based learning is valid, practical, to be used in learning process and is effective in increasing students learning motivation and learning outcomes. References Bowman, S. F. (2015). Evaluation in Instructional Design Practice: A View from The Stakeholders. (Dissertation Doctor, Capella University, 2015). Retrieved from https://search. proquest.com/docview/1707694509/fulltext PDF/D439E6E103D04792PQ/6?accountid=31324. Cahyono, K. (2013). Penggunaan Media Interaktif Berbasis Web untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi dan hasil Belajar. Jurnal Teknik Informatika Abdurrab University. Retrieved from http://binaprajajournal.com/ojs/index. php/jbp/article/view/117. Daljoeni, N. (2014). Pengantar Geografi. Yogyakarta: Ombak. Day, T. (2012). Undergraduate Teaching and Learning in Physical Geography. Journal Physical Geography, 36(3). Retrieved fom https://search. proquest. com/doc view/1019246195/B5C4C63F0A8F4962PQ/1?accountid=31324. Fadli, M. S. & Ikawati, H. D. (2017). Penggunaan Multimedia untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa. Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 2(2). Retrieved from http://ojs.ikipmataram.ac.id/index.php/jtp/article/view/598. Gilakjani, A. P. (2012). The Significant Role of Multimedia in Motivating EFL Learners’ Interest in English Language Learning. Journal Modern Education and Computer Science, 4(4). Retrieved from https://search. proquest.com/docview/1627735482/509798BC9EC481FPQ/1?accountid=31324. Hake, R. R. (1999). Analyzing Change/Gain Score. Dept. of Physics, Indiana University. Retrieved from http://www.physics.indiana.edu/~sdi/Analyzing Change-Gain. Hawley, D & Lyon, J. (2017). Plate Update: Refreshing Ideas for Teaching Plate Tectonics. Teaching Geography, 42(1). Retrieved from https://search.pro quest.com/docview/1952375936/73816528324E4DACPQ/1?accountid=31324. Huang, Q. (2012). Action Research on Motivation in English Reading. Journal Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(8). Retrieved from https://search. proquest.com/docview/1619300790/fulltextPDF/D04EC91FA9214B89PQ/2?accountid=31324. Kusumaningtias, A. D. & Mukminan. (2014). Pengembangan Multimedia Pembelajaran Geografi dengan Materi Litosfer dan Pedosfer untuk SMA Kelas X. Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Sosial, 11(1). Retrieved from https://jurnal.uny.ac.id/index.php/sosia/article/download/5284/4583. Milovanovic, M. Perisic, J., Vukotic, S. Bugarcic, M. Radovanovic, L. &Ristic, M. (2016). Learning Mathematic Using Multimedia in Engineering Education. Journal Acta Technica Corviniensis – Bulleting of Engineering, 9(1). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1767584934/559B63 F69E094F98PQ/1?accountid=31324. Moeed, A. (2015). Science Investigation Students View about Learning, Motivation and Assessment. Singapore: Springer. Mohasin, S. F., Shinde, P. A. &Khaparde. (2013). E-Learning: A Tool for Library and Information Services. Journal of Library & Information Science, 3(2). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1440877148/fulltext PDF/33223E6022A248ECPQ/1?accountid=31324. Permadi, A. A. (2016). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Interaktif Berbasis Web dengan Pemanfaatan Video Conference Mata Pelajaran Produktif Teknik Komputer dan jaringan di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan. Retrieved from http://jural.unm.ac.id/ 3123/1/Jurnal.pdf. Presiden Republik Indonesia. (2000). Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 50 Tahun 2000 Tentang Tim Koordinasi Telematika Indonesia. Robb, C. (2010). The Impact of Motivational Messages on Student Performance in Community College Online Courses. (Dissertation Doctor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/778224030/18ED422A32FC4231PQ/3?accountid=31324 Sahrir, M. S., Alias, N. A., Ismail, Z., & Osman, N. (2012). Employing Design and Development Research (DDR): Approaches in the Design and Development of Online Arabic Vocabulary Learning Games Prototype. Journal of Educational Technology, 11(2). Retrieved from https://search. proquest.com/docview/1288340626/fulltextPDF/D439E6E103D04792PQ/1?accountid=31324. Sari, H. V. & Suswanto, H. (2017). Pengembangan media pembelajaran Berbasis Web Untuk mengukur hasil Belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Komputer Jaringan Dasar program Keahlian teknik komputer dan jaringan.Jurnal Pendidikan, 2(7). Retrieved from http://journal.um.ac.id/index.php/jptpp/ article/view/9734/4593. Su, C. H. (2016). The effects of students' motivation, cognitive load and learning anxiety in gamification software engineering education: a structural equation modeling study. Journal Multimedia Tools Application, 75(16). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1867930658/fulltextPDF/9482B 31FA03D4E7CPQ/1?accountid=31324. Tessmer, M. (1998). Planning and Conducting Formative Evaluation. London: Kogan Page Limited. Tsai, M. J. (2009). The Model of Strategic e-Learning: Understanding and Evaluating Student E-Learning from Metacognitive Perspectives. Journal Educational Technology & Society, 12(1). Retrieved from https://search. p1roquest.com/docview/1287039259/20B52566A67140DBPQ/1?accountid=31324. Umar. (2013). Studi Komparatif Penguasaan Konsep Ulumul Qur’an Dalam Pembelajaran Yang Menggunakan Full E-Learning Dan Blended E-Learning. Jurnal TAPIS, 13(1). Retrieved from http://id.portalgaruda.org/? ref=browse&mod=viewarticle&article=252276. Wiyani, N. A. (2012). Desain Pembelajaran Pendidikan: Tata Rancang Pembelajaran Menuju Pencapaian Kompetensi. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media. Copyright (c) 2018 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

AbstractAs was the case with silversmiths (Note 3), many more cabinet-makers were wcrking in Amsterdam during the second half of the 18th century than in any other city in the Dutch Republic, the names of 195 of them being now known as opposed to 57 in The Hague and 32 in Rotterdam (Note 2). Most of those 195 names have been culled from the few surviving documents of the Guild of St. Joseph in Amsterdam, to which the cabinet-makers belonged (Note 4), supplemented by other sources, such as printed registers of craftsmen and shopkeepers (Note 6). Another important source is the newspaper the Amsterdamsche Courant with its advertisem*nts placed by craftsmen themselves, with notices of sales, bankruptcies, lotteries and annual fairs and with advertisem*nts concerning subsidiary or related trades. Since these advertisem*nts were directed at the consumer, they often contain stylistic descriptions such as are not found elsewhere. Moreover, they aford valuable clues to archival material. Hence an investigation of all the advertisem*nts from the years 1751-1800 has formed the basis for a study of Amsterdam cabinet-making, some results of which are presented here. Such a study is doomed largely to remain theoretical. The records can hardly ever be linked with surviving pieces, as these are virtually always anonymous since Amsterdam cabinet-makers were not required to stamp or sign their work. Moreover, only a few pieces of Dutch 18th-century furniture have a known provenance, so that it is only rarely possible to link a piece with a bill or another document and identify its maker. Thus it is not yet possible to form a reliable picture of a local Amsterdam style, let alone embark on attributions to individual makers (Note 8). In this light special importance may be attached to two commodes of the third quarter of the century which are exceptional in that they bear a signature, that of Andries Bongen (Figs. 1, 2, Notes 10, 11). These commodes, being entirely French-inspired, illustrate a specific and little-known aspect of Amsterdam cabinet-making. French furniture was so sought after in Amsterdam at that period that in 1771 a strict ban was imposed on its importation in order to protect local cabinet-makers (Note 12). It had begun to be imitated even before that and the commodes by Bongen exemplify this development. Andries Bongen, who was probably born in Geldern, south of Cleves and just east of the border of the Dutch Republic, is first recorded in Amsterdam in May 1763 on his marriage to Willemina, daughter of the smith Lambert van der Beek. He registered as a citizen on 5 July 1763 and became a master cabinet-maker some time between March 1763 and March 1764 (Note 19), so that, accordirtg to the Guild regulations, he must previously have trained for two years under an Amsterdam master (Note 20). At the time of his marriage he was living in St. Jorisstraat, but by the end of 1766 he had moved to Spui and between 1769 and 1771 he moved again, to Muiderpleinlje. When he and his wife made their will in 1772, their possessions were worth something under 8000 guilders (Note 23). This suggests that the business was quite flourishing, which seems to be confirmed by the fact that Bongen received a commission from the city of Amsterdam in 1771. Two more pieces were made for the city in 1786 and 1789, but in the latter year Bongen was declared bankrupt. The inventory of his possessions drawn up then (see Appeytdix) shows how parlous his conditions had become, his goods being valued at only 300 guilders. The reference to a shop indicates that Bongen sold his own furniture, although he had no stock to speak of at that point. The mention of eight work-benches, however, sugests that his output had previously been quite large. This is confirmed by the extent of his debts, notably that to the timber merchant Jan van Mekeren (Note 27). Other creditors included 'Rudolfeus Eyk', who probably supplied iron trelliszvork for bookcases and the like (Note 28), and the glass merchants Boswel en Zonen (Note 29) No debtors are listed and the only customer who can tentatively be identified is a 'Heer Hasselaar' who might be Pieter Cornelis Hasselaer (1720-95), several times burgomaster of Amsterdam between 1773 and 1794 (Note 30). Bongen died three years after his bankruptcy, at which time he was living in Nieuwe Looiersstraat. He appears to have continued working as a cabiytet-maker up to his death and his widow probably carried on the business until her own death in 1808, but nothing is known of this later period. The clearest insight into the character of part of Bongen's output is aforded by the advertisem*nt he placed in the Amsterdamsehe Courant of 4 December 1766, describing three pieces of furniture 'in the French manner'. This is the first announcement by an 18th-century Amsterdam cabinet-maker of work in the French style. Bongen mentions two commodes decorated with floral marquetry, a technique which had flourished in Amsterdam in the late 17th and early 18th centuries (Note 34), but which had largely fallen into disuse on the advent around 1715 of a more sober type of furniture with plain walnut veneers on the English model (Note 36). In France a form of floral marquetry reappeared in the 1740s, being further developed in the following decade under the influence of Jean-François Oeben (1721-63). From the late 1750s there are indications of the presence of pieces of French marquetry furniture in the new style in Amsterdam (Notes 42, 43). The earliest explicit description of floral marquetry appears in a sale catalogue of 5 June 1765 (Note 44), while in another of 25 March 1766 (Note 46) many French pieces are detailed. Obviously, then, Bongen was endeavouring to capture a share, of this new market. The reappearance of elaborate marquetry on Amsterdam-made furniture was the result of a desire to emulate the French examples. The two commodes described in Bongen's advertisem*nt can be identified with the one now in Amsterdam (Fig.2) and the one sold in London in 1947 (Fig.1). The latter still had more of its original mounts at the time nf the sale (Fig. 4) and the two probably formed a pair originally. The unusual fact that they are signed indicates that Bongen intended them to serve as show-pieces to demonstrate his skill at the beginning of his career (cf. Note 51, for another craftsman from abroad who began his career in Amsterdam by similarly advertising a spectacular piece). The commode in Amsterdam, with all its original mounts, demonstrates most clearly how close Bongen came to French prototypes, although his work has many personal traits nonetheless. In the marquetry the vase on a plinth on the front and the composition of the bouquets on the sides are notable (Fig.5), as are the large, full-blown blooms. The carcase, made entirely of oak, is remarkably well constructed and has a heavy, solid character. The commodes are outstanding for the complete integration of the marquetry and the mounts, in the manner of the finesl French furniture. The mounts presenl a problem, as it is not clear where they were made. They do not appear to be French or English, but one hesitates to attribute them to Amsterdam, as it is clear from documentary material that ornamental furniture-mounts were hardly ever made there in the second half of the 18th century. The mounts advertised by Ernst Meyrink in 1752 (Note 53) were probably still of the plain variety of the early part of the century and there is no further mention of mounts made in Amsterdam in the Amsterdamsche Courant. Once, in 1768, the silversmith J. H. Strixner placed an advertisem*nt which refers to their gilding (Note 55). There is virtually no indication either of French mounts being imported and there is little Dutch furniture of this period that bears mounts which are indisputably French. In contrast to this, a large number of advertisem*nts from as early as 1735 show that many mounts were imported from England, while among English manufacturers who came to sell their wares in Amsterdam were Robert Marshall of London (Note 60), James Scott (Note 61), William Tottie of Rotterdam (Note 62), whose business was continued after his death by Klaas Pieter Sent (Note 64), and H. Jelloly, again of Rotterdam (Notes 66, 67). It seems surprising that in a period when the French style reigned supreme so many mounts were imported from England, but the English manufacturers, mainly working in Birmingham, produced many mounts in the French style, probably often directed expressly at foreign markets. On the two commodes by Bongen only the corner mounts and the handles are of types found in the trade-catalogues of the English manufacturers (Figs. 7, 8, Notes 65, 70). The corner mounts are of a common type also found on French furniture (Note 71), so they doubtless copy a French model. The remaining mounts, however, are the ones which are so well integrated with the marquetry and these are not found elsewhere. Recently a third commode signed by Bongen has come to light, of similar character to the first two (Fig.3). Here all the mounts are of types found in the catalogues (Figs.7-10, Note 72). Apparently Bongen could not, or did not choose to, obtain the special mounts any more, although he clearly wanted to follow the same design (Fig. 6). This third commode was undoubtedly made somewhal later than the other two. The marquetry on it is the best preserved and it is possible to see how Bongen enlivened it with fine engraving. Because this piece is less exceptional, it also allows us to attribute some unsigned pieces to Bongen on the basis of their closeness to it, namely a commode sold in London in 1962 (Fig.11, Note 73) and two smaller, simpler commodes, which may originally have formed a pair, one sold in London in 1967 (Fig.12, Nole 74) and the other in a Dutch private collection (Figs.13, 14). The first one has a highly original marquetry decoration of a basket of flowers falling down. On the sides of this piece, and on the front of the two smaller ones, are bouquets tied with ribbons. These were doubtless influenced by contemporary engravings, but no direct models have been identified. The construction of the commode in the Netherlands tallies completely with tltat of the signed example in Amsterdam. The mounts are probably all English, although they have not all been found in English catalogues (Fig.15, Note 76). A seventh commode attributable to Bongen was sold in Switzerland in 1956 (Fig.16, Note 77). It is unusual in that walnut is employed as the background for the floral marquetry, something virtually unknown in Paris, but not uncommon on German work of French inspiration (Note 78). That commodes constitute the largest group among the furniture in the French style attributable to Bongen should cause no surprise, for the commode was the most sought after of all the pieces produced by the ébénistes not only in France, but all over Europe. Two other pieces which reveal Bongen's hand are two tables which look like side-tables, but which have fold-out tops to transform them into card-tables, a type seldom found in France, but common in England and the Netherlands (Note 80). One is at Bowhill in Scotland (Figs.17, 19, 20), the other was sold in London in 1972 (Fig.18, Note 79). The corner mounts on the Bowhill table, which probably also graced the other one originally, are the same as those on the two small commodes, while the handles are again to be found in an English catalogue (Fig.21, Note 81). What sounds like a similar card-table was sold at auction in Amsterdam in 1772 (Note 82). In Bongen's advertisem*nt of 1766 mention is also made of a secretaire, this being the first appearance of this term in the Amsterdamsche Courant and Bongen finding it necessary to define it. No secretaire is known that can be attributed to him. A medal-cabinet in the form of a secretaire in Leiden (Figs.22, 23) hasfloral marquetry somewhat reminiscent of his work, but lacking its elegance, liveliness and equilibrium. Here the floral marquetry is combined with trompe l'oeil cubes and an interlaced border, early Neo-Classical elements which were first employed in France in the 1750s, so that this piece represents a later stage than those attributable to Bongen, which are all in a pure Louis xvstyle. Virtually identical in form to the medal-cabinet is a secretaire decorated solely with floral marquetry (Fig. 24, Note 87). This also appears not to be by Bongen, but both pieces may have been made under his influence. The picture we can form of Bongen's work on the basis of the signed commodes is clearly incomplete. His secretaire was decorated with '4 Children representing Trade', an exceptionally modern and original idea in 1766 even by French standards (Note 88). His ambitions in marquetry obviously wentfar beyondflowers, but no piece has yet beenfound which evinces this, nor is anything known of the Neo-Classical work which he may have produced after this style was introduced in Amsterdam around 1770. Bongen may perhaps have been the first Amsterdam cabinet-maker to produce marquetry furniture in the French style, but he was not to remain the only one. In 1771 and 1772 furniture in both the Dutch and French mode was advertised for sale at the Kistenmakerspand in Kalverstraat, where all furniture-makers belonging to the Guild of St. Joseph could sell their wares (Note 89). The 'French' pieces were probably decorated with marquetry. Only a small number of cabinet-makers are known to have worked in this style, however. They include Arnoldus Gerritsen of Rheestraat, who became a master in 1769 and sold his stock, including a 'small French inlaid Commode', in 1772, and Johan Jobst Swenebart (c.1747 - active up to 1806 or later), who became a master in 1774 and advertised in 1775 that he made 'all sorts of choice Cabinet- and Flower-works', the last term referring to furniture decorated with floral marquetry. Not only French types of furniture, but also traditional Dutch pieces were now decorated with French-inspired marquetry,for example a collector's cabinet advertised in 1775 by Johan Jacob Breytspraak (c.1739-95), who had become a master in 1769-70; a bureau-bookcase, a form introduced in the first half of the century probably under English influence (Note 100), exhibited in 1772 (Note 99); and a display cabinet for porcelain supplied, though not necessarily made, by Pieter Uylenburg en Zoon in 1775 (Notes 101, 102). Even long-case clocks were enriched with marquetry, witness the one advertised by the clock-maker J. H. Kühn in 1775 and another by him which was sold by auction in Edam in 1777 (Note 104). The latter was, like the bureau-bookcase exhibited in 1772, decorated with musical instruments, again a motif borrowed from France, where it was used increasingly from the 1760s onwards (Note 105). A clock signed by the Amsterdam clock-maker J. George Grüning also has a case with marquetry of musical instruments. This must date from about 1775-80, but its maker is unknown (Fig. 25, Notes 106, 107). All four of the Amsterdam cabinet-makers known to have done marquetry around 1770 came from Germany and all were then only recently established in Amsterdam. In fact half of the 144 Amsterdam cabinet-makers working in the second half of the 18th century whose origins it has been possible to trace came from Germany, so the German element was even stronger there than in Paris, where Germans comprised about a third of the ébénistes (Note 108) and where they had again played an important role in the revival of marquetry. None qf the four in Amsterdam was exclusively concerned with marquetry. Indeed, for some of them it may only have been a secondary aspect of their work. This was not true of Bongen, but he too made plain pieces, witness the four mahogany gueridons he made for the city of Amsterdam in 1771 or the two cupboards also made for the city in 1786 and 1789 (Notes 111, 112).No marquetry is listed in his inventory either. Perhaps fashions had changed by the time of his bankruptcy. Such scant knowledge as we have of Amsterdam cabinet-making between 1775 and 1785 certainly seems to suggest this. In the descriptions of the prizes for furraiture-lotteries, such as took place regularly from 1773 onwards (Note 114), marquetry is mentioned in 1773 and 1775 (Notes 115, 116), but after that there is no reference to itfor about tenyears. Nor is there any mention of marquetry in the very few cabinet-makers' advertisem*nts of this period. When the clock-maker Kühn again advertised long-case clocks in 1777 and 1785, the cases were of carved mahogany (Notes 121, 122). Certainly in France the popularity of marquetry began to wane shortly before 1780 and developments in the Netherlands were probably influenced by this. Towards the end of the 1780s, however, pieces described as French and others decorated with 'inlaid work' again appear as prizes in lotteries, such as those organized by Johan Frederik Reinbregt (active 1785-95 or later), who came from Hanover (Note 128), and Swenebart. The latter advertised an inlaid mahogany secretaire in 1793 (Note 132) and similar pieces are listed in the announcement of the sale of the stock of Jean-Matthijs Chaisneux (c.1734-92), one of a small group of French upholsterers first mentioned in Amsterdam in the 1760s, who played an important part in the spread of French influence there (Note 134). In this later period, however, reference is only made to French furniture when English pieces are also mentioned, so a new juxtaposition is implied and 'French' need not mean richly decorated with marquetry as it did in the 1760s. In fact the marquetry of this period was probably of a much more modest character. A large number of pieces of Dutch furniture in the late Neo-Classical style are known, generally veneered with rosewood or mahogany, where the marquetry is confined to trophies, medallions on ribbons, geometric borders and suchlike. A sideboard in the Rijksmuseum is an exceptionally fine and elaborately decorated example of this light and elegant style (Fig. 26) None of this furniture is known for certain to have been made in Amsterdam, but two tobacco boxes with restrained marquetry decoration (Fig.27, Note 136) were made in Haarlem in 1789 by Johan Gottfried Fremming (c.1753-1832) of Leipzig, who had probably trained in Amsterdam and whose style will not have differed much from that current in the capital. Boxes of this type are mentioned in the 1789 inventory of the Amsterdam cabinet-maker Johan Christiaan Molle (c.1748-89) as the only pieces decorated with inlay (Note 138). In the 1792 inventory of Jacob Keesinger (active 1764-92) from Ziegenhain there are larger pieces of marquetry furniture as well (Note 139), but they are greatly in the minority, as is also the case with a sale of cabinet-makers' wares held in 1794 (Note 141), which included a book-case of the type in Fig.28 (Note 142). Similarly the 1795 inventory of Johan Jacob Breytspraak, one of the most important and prosperous cabinet-makers of the day, contains only a few marquetry pieces (Note 144). The 1793 inventory of Hendrik Melters (1720-93) lists tools and patterns for marquetry, but no pieces decorated with it (Note 145). Melters seems to have specialized in cases for long-case clocks, the Amsterdam clock-maker Rutgerus van Meurs (1738-1800) being one of his clients (Note 146). The cases of clocks signed by Van Meurs bear only simple marquetry motifs (Note 147). The Dutch late Neo-Classical furniture with restrained marquetry decoration has no equivalent in France; it is more reminiscent of English work (Note 148). The pattern-books of Hepplewhite and Sheraton undoubtedly found their way to the Dutch Republic and the 'English' furniture mentioned in Amsterdam sources from 1787 probably reflected their influence. However, the introduction of the late, restrained Neo-Classical style in furniture was not the result of English influence alone. Rather, the two countries witnessed a parallel development. In England, too, marquetry was re-introduced under French influence around 1760 and it gradually became much simpler during the last quarter of the century, French influences being amalgamated into a national style (Notes 150, 151). On the whole, the Frertch models were followed more closely in the Netherlands than in England. Even at the end of the century French proportions still very much influenced Dutch cabinet-making. Thus the typically Dutch late Neo-Classical style sprang from a combirtation of French and English influences. This makes it difficult to understand what exactly was meant by the distinction made between ;French' and 'English' furniture at this time. The sources offer few clues here and this is even true of the description of the sale of the stock of the only English cabinet-maker working in Amsterdam at this period, Joseph Bull of London, who was active between 1787 and 1792, when his goods were sold (Notes 155, 156).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Facilitating the uptake of established methodologies for risk-based decision-making in product conformity assessment taking into account measurement uncertainty by providing dedicated software is the aim of the European project EMPIR CASoft(2018–2020), involving the National Measurement Institutes from France, Sweden and the UK, and industrial partner Trescal (FR) as primary supporter. The freely available software helps end-users perform the required risk calculations in accordance with current practice and regulations and extends that current practice to include bivariate cases. The software is also aimed at supporting testing and calibration laboratories in the application of the latest version of the ISO/IEC 17025:2017 standard, which requires that“…the laboratory shall document the decision rule employed, taking into account the level of risk […] associated with the decision rule and apply the decision rule.” Initial experiences following launch of the new software in Spring 2020 are reported.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

04–218Barrette, Catherine (Wayne State U., USA). An analysis of foreign language achievement test drafts. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA), 37, 1 (2004), 58–70.04–219Cho, Yeonsuk (Ballard & Tighe, California, USA; Email: ycho@ballard-tighe.com) Assessing writing: are we bound by only one method?Assessing Writing (New York, USA), 8, 3 (2003), 165–91.04–220Cumming, Alister (U. of Toronto, Canada; Email: acumming@oise.utoronto.ca). Grant, Leslie, Mulcahy-Ernt, Patricia and Powers, Donald E. A teacher-verification study of speaking and writing prototype tasks for a new TOEFL. Language Testing (London, UK), 21, 2 (2004), 107–45.04–221Pae, Tae-Il (Yeungnam U., Republic of Korea; Email: paet@gwm.sc.edu). Gender effect on reading comprehension with Korean EFL learners. System (Oxford, UK), 32 (2004), 265–81.04–222Penny, James A. (Castle Worldwide Inc., North Carolina, USA; Email: jpenny@castleworldwide.com). Reading high stakes writing samples: my life as a reader. Assessing Writing (New York, USA), 8, 3 (2003), 192–215.04–223Snellings, Patrick and Van Gelderen, Amos (U. of Amsterdam, Holland) and de Glopper, Kees. Validating a test of second language written lexical retrieval: a new measure of fluency in written language production. Language Testing (London, UK), 21, 2 (2004), 174–201.04–224Stricker, J. Lawrence (Educational Testing Service, USA). The performance of native speakers of English and ESL speakers on the computer-based TOEFL and GRE general test. Language Testing (London, UK), 21, 2 (2004), 146–73.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

05–314Alderson, J. Charles (Lancaster U, UK) & Ari Huhta, The development of a suite of computer-based diagnostic tests based on the Common European Framework. Language Testing (London, UK) 22.3 (2005), 301–320.05–315Al-Hamly, Mashael & Christine Coombe (Kuwait U, Kuwait), To change or not to change: investigating the value of MCQ answer changing for Gulf Arab students. Language Testing (London, UK) 22.4 (2005), 509–531.05–316Broadfoot, Patricia M. (U of Bristol, UK), Dark alleys and blind bends: testing the language of learning. Language Testing (London, UK) 22.2 (2005), 123–141.05–317Cumming, Alister (U of Toronto, Canada; acumming@oise.utoronto.ca), Robert Kantor, Kyoko Baba, Usman Erdosy, Keanre Eouanzoui & Mark James, Differences in written discourse in independent and integrated prototype tasks for next generation TOEFL. Assessing Writing (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 10.1 (2005), 5–43.05–318Eckes, Thomas (TestDaF Institute, the Netherlands), Melanie Ellis, Vita Kalnberzina, Karmen Piorn, Claude Springer, Krisztina Szollás & Constance Tsagari, Progress and problems in reforming public language examinations in Europe: cameos from the Baltic States, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, France and Germany. Language Testing (London,UK) 22.3 (2005), 355–377.05–319Figueras, Neus (Department of Education, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain), Brian North, Sauli Takala, Norman Verhelst & Piet Van Avermaet, Relating examinations to the Common European Framework: a manual. Language Testing (London, UK) 22.3 (2005), 261–279.05–320Green, Anthony (Cambridge ESOL Examinations, Cambridge, UK), EAP study recommendations and score gains on the IELTS Academic Writing test. Assessing Writing (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 10.1 (2005), 44–60.05–321Green, Rita & Dianne Wall (Lancaster U, UK), Language testing in the military: problems, politics and progress. Language Testing (London,UK) 22.3 (2005), 379–398.05–322Hasselgreen, Angela (The U of Bergen, Norway), Assessing the language of young learners. Language Testing (London,UK) 22.3 (2005), 337–354.05–323Klein, Joseph (kleinj@mail.biu.ac.il) & David Taub, The effect of variations in handwriting and print on evaluation of student essays. Assessing Writing (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 10.2 (2005), 134–148.05–324Little, David (Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland), The Common European Framework and the European Language Portfolio: involving learners and their judgements in the assessment process. Language Testing (London, UK) 22.3 (2005), 321–336.05–325Lumley, Tom & Barry O'Sullivan (Australian Council for Educational Research, Australia), The effect of test-taker gender, audience and topic on task performance in tape-mediated assessment of speaking. Language Testing (London,UK) 22.4 (2005), 415–437.05–326Luxia, Qi (Guandong U of Foreign Studies, China), Stakeholders' conflicting aims undermine the washback function of a high-stakes test. Language Testing (London, UK) 22.2 (2005), 142–173.05–327Poehner, Matthew E. & James P. Lantolf (The Pennsylvania State U, USA), Dynamic assessment in the language classroom. Language Teaching Research (London, UK) 9.3 (2005), 233–265.05–328Stansfield, Charles W. & William E. Hewitt (Second Language Testing Inc., USA), Examining the predictive validity of a screening test for court interpreters. Language Testing (London, UK) 22.4 (2005), 438–462.05–329Trites, Latricia (Murray State U, USA) & Mary McGroarty, Reading to learn and reading to integrate: new tasks for reading comprehension tests?Language Testing (London, UK) 22.2 (2005), 174–210.05–330Uiterwijk, Henny (Citogroep, Arnem, the Netherlands) & Ton Vallen, Linguistic sources of item bias for second generation immigrants in Dutch tests. Language Testing (London, UK) 22.2 (2005), 211–234.05–331Weems, Gail H. (Arkansas Little Rock U, USA; ghweems@ualr.edu), Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie & Daniel Lustig, Profiles of respondents who respond inconsistently to positively- and negatively-worded items on rating scales. Evaluation & Research in Education (Clevedon, UK) 17.1 (2003), 45–60.05–332Weir, Cyril J. (Roehampton U, UK), Limitations of the Common European Framework for developing comparable examinations and tests. Language Testing (London, UK) 22.3 (2005), 281–300.05–333Xi, Xiaoming (U of California, USA), Do visual chunks and planning impact performance on the graph description task in the SPEAK exam?Language Testing (London, UK) 22.4 (2005), 463–508.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The London Pedagogy Planner (LPP) is a prototype for a collaborative online planning and design tool that supports lecturers in developing, analysing and sharing learning designs. The tool is based on a developing model of the components involved in learning design and the critical relationships between them. As a decision tool it makes the pedagogical design explicit as an output from the process, capturing it for testing, redesign, reuse and adaptation by the originator, or by others. The aim is to test the extent to which we can engage lecturers in reflecting on learning design, and make them part of the educational community that discovers how best to use technology-enhanced learning. This paper describes the development of LPP, presents pedagogical benefits of visual representations of learning designs and proposes an analytical approach to learning design based on these visual representations. The analytical approach is illustrated based on an initial evaluation with a small group of lecturers from two partner institutions.Keywords: learning design; pedagogy; technology enhanced learning; visual representation of pedagogy; cost of e-learningDOI: 10.1080/09687760701850174

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Citizen science has traditionally been more focused on topics such as astronomy, computing and ecology, but two young entrepreneurs, Bethan Wolfenden and Philipp Boeing, have gone a long way towards putting molecular biology firmly in the citizen science arena. Wolfenden, a biochemist, and Boeing, a computer scientist, met as undergraduates at University College London. Having been drawn into citizen science by the enthusiasm of ‘biohackers’ they met during a student project, they decided to form a company called Bento Bio and have worked very hard over the last few years to develop a portable DNA laboratory the size of a laptop called Bento Lab. Containing a PCR thermocycler, a centrifuge and a gel electrophoresis box, the Bento Lab aims to make molecular biology accessible for beginners, as well as being a useful tool for scientists in the field. With the first non-prototype kits being sent out to consumers next month, Helen Albert met up with Wolfenden and Boeing to discuss their story and find out how they are helping to put molecular biology on the citizen science map.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): AK has been funded by the Egyptian cultural centre and educational bureau of the Egyptian embassy in London and the Ministry of higher education in Egypt. SEP acknowledges support from the “SmartHeart” EPSRC programme grant (www.nihr.ac.uk; EP/P001009/1) and the London Medical Imaging and AI Centre for Value-Based Healthcare. This new centre is one of the UK Centres supported by a £50m investment from the Data to Early Diagnosis and Precision Medicine strand of the government’s Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund, managed and delivered by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI). SEP acknowledges support from the CAP-AI programme, London’s first AI enabling programme focused on stimulating growth in the capital’s AI Sector. CAP-AI is led by Capital Enterprise in partnership with Barts Health NHS Trust and Digital Catapult and is funded by the European Regional Development Fund and Barts Charity. SEP also acts as a paid consultant to Circle Cardiovascular Imaging Inc., Calgary, Canada and Servier onbehalf Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, UK Background Manual contouring of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) cine images remains common practice and the reference standard for left ventricular (LV) volumes and mass evaluation. However, it is time-consuming and machine learning (ML) may significantly reduce the time required for contouring. Accurate LV contours are the basis for reliable LV strain analysis using tissue tracking. Purpose To assess the impact of a ML contouring tool alone versus expert adjusted contours on LV strain. Methods We retrospectively selected 402 CMR studies with diagnoses of myocardial infarction (n = 108), myocarditis (n = 130) and healthy controls (n = 164) from the Barts BioResource between January 2015 to June 2018. CMR examinations were obtained using 1.5T and 3T scanners (Siemens Healthineers, Germany). We excluded 32 cases due to phase inconsistency between short (SAX) and long axes (LAX) cine images or suboptimal cine image quality. For the remaining 370 cases, steady state free precession cine images for LAX and SAX were analysed by the ML contouring tool (using CVI42 research prototype software 5.11). Manual expert adjustment for the contours was done for each case if considered suboptimal for strain analysis in the reference end-diastolic phase. Strain results from ML and expert adjusted ML methods were compared for strain agreement. Times taken by these methods were recorded and compared against the time taken for standard manual contouring. Results SAX and LAX derived strains by ML and expert adjusted ML methods showed good agreement by Bland-Altman analysis (Figure 1) with excellent coefficient of concordance using Kendall W which is 0.98 for global SAX, radial and circumferential strains (mean difference(MD) = -1.7% (lower and upper limits of agreement (UL,LL) -6.6,3.2), MD = 0.5% (-1.0,2.1)) and is 0.95 for global LAX derived strain (radial and longitudinal, MD = 0.7% (UL,LL -8.7 ,7.4),MD= 0.2% (-1.9,2.5), respectively). Time taken for adjustment of ML contours was significantly shorter than manual contouring (1.35 minutes vs 8.0 minutes, around 590% time saving in ML adjusted method). Conclusions ML contouring compared to expert manual adjustment has a clinically reasonable agreement when used for measuring LV strain. Also, using the ML tool with expert adjustment shows significant time saving for analysis and reporting time compared to entirely manual analysis, favouring its application in routine clinical practice. Abstract Figure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

for most city travelers, the arrival time of busses is the key detail. Excessively long waiting times at bus stops also deter and make relevant travelers from taking buses. In this paper, a method of bus arrival time prediction is presented based on participatory passenger sensing.With commodity cell phones,t he local environmental history of bus passengers is effectively gathered and used to predict bus travel routes and forecast bus arrival times at different bus stops. The proposed program relies entirely on the participating users 'joint efforts and is independent of the bus operating companies, In this way, universal bus service support can be effectively introduced without the need for funding from different bus operating companies. The resort to more commonly accessible and energy-e fficient sensing devices, including cell tower signals, movement st atuses, audio recordings, etc., instead of referring to location information permitted by GPS,Which puts less pressure on the in volved party and encourages its involvement. A prototype system is designed with various types of Android based cell phones and an extensive trial duration of 7 weeks with the NTU campus shuttle buses as well as Singapore city buses. The test results indicate that the program proposed achieves excellent predictive accuracy compared to the solutions implemented by certain bus operators and supported by GPS. Further implementing the system and conducting 4-day rapid trials with London bus system, indicating quick implementation o f the proposed system and promising city-wide results. At the same time, the proposed solution is available in more general terms and is energy efficient.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Background: A world-wide movement is emerging for person centered medicine and healthcare collaboratively developed by the International College of Person Centered Medicine and a number of global institutions through annual Geneva Conferences and International Congresses as well as scholarly publications. While frequently quoted definitional note have been advanced through this maturational process, efforts are needed to conceptualize and measure systematically person-centered care.Objectives: These included the elucidation of the core concepts of person centered medicine and healthcare, the design of a prototype measuring instrument, and the study of its metric structure, acceptability, reliability and validity.Methods: The following methodological approaches were employed: A systematic review of the literature, consultation exercises with broad international panels composed of health professionals and representatives of patient and family organizations, and quantitative and qualitative data analyses.Results: The following key concepts underlying person centered medicine were elucidated: 1) Ethical Commitment, 2) Cultural Sensitivity, 3) Holistic scope, 4) Relational Focus, 5) Individualized Care, 6) Common Ground for Collaborative Diagnosis and Care, 7) People-centered Systems of Care, and 8) Person-centered Education and Research. On this basis, a Person-centered Care Index was developed composed of 8 broad items and 33 sub-items, each measured on a 4-point scale. The study of its metric structure revealed high Cronbach internal consistency (0.95), scale unidimensionality through factor analysis (69 % of the variance accounted for by the first factor), and interesting inter-correlations such as the sub-item attaining the highest correlation with the global average score being “fulfillment of the person’s life project” (0.88). Validation studies in California, London and Lucknow (India) showed quite high levels of inter-rater reliability (above 0.80 intra-class correlations for most items) and substantial content validity.Discussion: The elucidated core concepts of person centered medicine appear to be consistent with those of international studies on the bases of person- and people-centeredness in primary care and on research and implementation of person centered care. The concepts are also consistent with the key domains of person-centered diagnostic approaches. Further validation studies with larger samples in diverse settings and cultures seem to be warranted.Conclusions. The emerging core concepts of person centered medicine appear to be solid. The Person-centered Care Index built on such concepts appears to have suitable metrics and promising acceptability, reliability and content validity. Further empirical research is recommended.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

IntroductionSupermarkets are functionally challenging environments for people with vision impairments. A supermarket is likely to house an average of 45,000 products in a median floor-space of 4,529 square meters and many visually impaired people are unable to shop without assistance, which greatly impedes personal independence (Nicholson et al.). The task of selecting goods in a supermarket is an “activity that is expressive of agency, identity and creativity” (Sutherland) from which many vision-impaired persons are excluded. In response to this, a number of proof of concept (demonstrating feasibility) and prototype assistive technologies are being developed which aim to use smart phones as potential sensorial aides for vision impaired persons. In this paper, I discuss two such prototypic technologies, Shop Talk and BlindShopping. I engage with this issue’s list theme by suggesting that, on the one hand, list making is a uniquely human activity that demonstrates our need for order, reliance on memory, reveals our idiosyncrasies, and provides insights into our private lives (Keaggy 12). On the other hand, lists feature in the creation of spatial inventories that represent physical environments (Perec 3-4, 9-10). The use of lists in the architecture of assistive technologies for shopping illuminates the interaction between these two modalities of list use where items contained in a list are not only textual but also cartographic elements that link the material and immaterial in space and time (Haber 63). I argue that despite the emancipatory potential of assistive shopping technologies, their efficacy in practical situations is highly dependent on the extent to which they can integrate a number of lists to produce representations of space that are meaningful for vision impaired users. I suggest that the extent to which these prototypes may translate to becoming commercially viable, widely adopted technologies is heavily reliant upon commercial and institutional infrastructures, data sources, and regulation. Thus, their design, manufacture and adoption-potential are shaped by the extent to which certain data inventories are accessible and made interoperable. To overcome such constraints, it is important to better understand the “spatial syntax” associated with the shopping task for a vision impaired person; that is, the connected ordering of real and virtual spatial elements that result in a supermarket as a knowable space within which an assisted “spatial practice” of shopping can occur (Kellerman 148, Lefebvre 16).In what follows, I use the concept of lists to discuss the production of supermarket-space in relation to the enabling and disabling potentials of assistive technologies. First, I discuss mobile digital technologies relative to disability and impairment and describe how the shopping task produces a disabling spatial practice. Second, I present a case study showing how assistive technologies function in aiding vision impaired users in completing the task of supermarket shopping. Third, I discuss various factors that may inhibit the liberating potential of technology assisted shopping by vision-impaired people. Addressing Shopping as a Disabling Spatial Practice Consider how a shopping list might inform one’s experience of supermarket space. The way shopping lists are written demonstrate the variability in the logic that governs list writing. As Bill Keaggy demonstrates in his found shopping list Web project and subsequent book, Milk, Eggs, Vodka, a shopping list may be written on a variety of materials, be arranged in a number of orientations, and the writer may use differing textual attributes, such as size or underlining to show emphasis. The writer may use longhand, abbreviate, write neatly, scribble, and use an array of alternate spelling and naming conventions. For example, items may be listed based on knowledge of the location of products, they may be arranged on a list as a result of an inventory of a pantry or fridge, or they may be copied in the order they appear in a recipe. Whilst shopping, some may follow strictly the order of their list, crossing back and forth between aisles. Some may work through their list item-by-item, perhaps forward scanning to achieve greater economies of time and space. As a person shops, their memory may be stimulated by visual cues reminding them of products they need that may not be included on their list. For the vision impaired, this task is near impossible to complete without the assistance of a relative, friend, agency volunteer, or store employee. Such forms of assistance are often unsatisfactory, as delays may be caused due to the unavailability of an assistant, or the assistant having limited literacy, knowledge, or patience to adequately meet the shopper’s needs. Home delivery services, though readily available, impede personal independence (Nicholson et al.). Katie Ellis and Mike Kent argue that “an impairment becomes a disability due to the impact of prevailing ableist social structures” (3). It can be said, then, that supermarkets function as a disability producing space for the vision impaired shopper. For the vision impaired, a supermarket is a “hegemonic modern visual infrastructure” where, for example, merchandisers may reposition items regularly to induce customers to explore areas of the shop that they wouldn’t usually, a move which adds to the difficulty faced by those customers with impaired vision who work on the assumption that items remain as they usually are (Schillmeier 161).In addressing this issue, much emphasis has been placed on the potential of mobile communications technologies in affording vision impaired users greater mobility and flexibility (Jolley 27). However, as Gerard Goggin argues, the adoption of mobile communication technologies has not necessarily “gone hand in hand with new personal and collective possibilities” given the limited access to standard features, even if the device is text-to-speech enabled (98). Issues with Digital Rights Management (DRM) limit the way a device accesses and reproduces information, and confusion over whether audio rights are needed to convert text-to-speech, impede the accessibility of mobile communications technologies for vision impaired users (Ellis and Kent 136). Accessibility and functionality issues like these arise out of the needs, desires, and expectations of the visually impaired as a user group being considered as an afterthought as opposed to a significant factor in the early phases of design and prototyping (Goggin 89). Thus, the development of assistive technologies for the vision impaired has been left to third parties who must adopt their solutions to fit within certain technical parameters. It is valuable to consider what is involved in the task of shopping in order to appreciate the considerations that must be made in the design of shopping intended assistive technologies. Shopping generally consists of five sub-tasks: travelling to the store; finding items in-store; paying for and bagging items at the register; exiting the store and getting home; and, the often overlooked task of putting items away once at home. In this process supermarkets exhibit a “trichotomous spatial ontology” consisting of locomotor space that a shopper moves around the store, haptic space in the immediate vicinity of the shopper, and search space where individual products are located (Nicholson et al.). In completing these tasks, a shopper will constantly be moving through and switching between all three of these spaces. In the next section I examine how assistive technologies function in producing supermarkets as both enabling and disabling spaces for the vision impaired. Assistive Technologies for Vision Impaired ShoppersJason Farman (43) and Adriana de Douza e Silva both argue that in many ways spaces have always acted as information interfaces where data of all types can reside. Global Positioning System (GPS), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and Quick Response (QR) codes all allow for practically every spatial encounter to be an encounter with information. Site-specific and location-aware technologies address the desire for meaningful representations of space for use in everyday situations by the vision impaired. Further, the possibility of an “always-on” connection to spatial information via a mobile phone with WiFi or 3G connections transforms spatial experience by “enfolding remote [and latent] contexts inside the present context” (de Souza e Silva). A range of GPS navigation systems adapted for vision-impaired users are currently on the market. Typically, these systems convert GPS information into text-to-speech instructions and are either standalone devices, such as the Trekker Breeze, or they use the compass, accelerometer, and 3G or WiFi functions found on most smart phones, such as Loadstone. Whilst both these products are adequate in guiding a vision-impaired user from their home to a supermarket, there are significant differences in their interfaces and data architectures. Trekker Breeze is a standalone hardware device that produces talking menus, maps, and GPS information. While its navigation functionality relies on a worldwide radio-navigation system that uses a constellation of 24 satellites to triangulate one’s position (May and LaPierre 263-64), its map and text-to-speech functionality relies on data on a DVD provided with the unit. Loadstone is an open source software system for Nokia devices that has been developed within the vision-impaired community. Loadstone is built on GNU General Public License (GPL) software and is developed from private and user based funding; this overcomes the issue of Trekker Breeze’s reliance on trading policies and pricing models of the few global vendors of satellite navigation data. Both products have significant shortcomings if viewed in the broader context of the five sub-tasks involved in shopping described above. Trekker Breeze and Loadstone require that additional devices be connected to it. In the case of Trekker Breeze it is a tactile keypad, and with Loadstone it is an aftermarket screen reader. To function optimally, Trekker Breeze requires that routes be pre-recorded and, according to a review conducted by the American Foundation for the Blind, it requires a 30-minute warm up time to properly orient itself. Both Trekker Breeze and Loadstone allow users to create and share Points of Interest (POI) databases showing the location of various places along a given route. Non-standard or duplicated user generated content in POI databases may, however, have a negative effect on usability (Ellis and Kent 2). Furthermore, GPS-based navigation systems are accurate to approximately ten metres, which means that users must rely on their own mobility skills when they are required to change direction or stop for traffic. This issue with GPS accuracy is more pronounced when a vision-impaired user is approaching a supermarket where they are likely to encounter environmental hazards with greater frequency and both pedestrian and vehicular traffic in greater density. Here the relations between space defined and spaces poorly defined or undefined by the GPS device interact to produce the supermarket surrounds as a disabling space (Galloway). Prototype Systems for Supermarket Navigation and Product SelectionIn the discussion to follow, I look at two prototype systems using QR codes and RFID that are designed to be used in-store by vision-impaired shoppers. Shop Talk is a proof of concept system developed by researchers at Utah State University that uses synthetic verbal route directions to assist vision impaired shoppers with supermarket navigation, product search, and selection (Nicholson et al.). Its hardware consists of a portable computational unit, a numeric keypad, a wireless barcode scanner and base station, headphones for the user to receive the synthetic speech instructions, a USB hub to connect all the components, and a backpack to carry them (with the exception of the barcode scanner) which has been slightly modified with a plastic stabiliser to assist in correct positioning. Shop Talk represents the supermarket environment using two data structures. The first is comprised of two elements: a topological map of locomotor space that allows for directional labels of “left,” “right,” and “forward,” to be added to the supermarket floor plan; and, for navigation of haptic space, the supermarket inventory management system, which is used to create verbal descriptions of product information. The second data structure is a Barcode Connectivity Matrix (BCM), which associates each shelf barcode with several pieces of information such as aisle, aisle side, section, shelf, position, Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode, product description, and price. Nicholson et al. suggest that one of their “most immediate objectives for future work is to migrate the system to a more conventional mobile platform” such as a smart phone (see Mobile Shopping). The Personalisable Interactions with Resources on AMI-Enabled Mobile Dynamic Environments (PRIAmIDE) research group at the University of Deusto is also approaching Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) by exploring the smart phone’s sensing, communication, computing, and storage potential. As part of their work, the prototype system, BlindShopping, was developed to address the issue of assisted shopping using entirely off-the-shelf technology with minimal environmental adjustments to navigate the store and search, browse and select products (López-de-Ipiña et al. 34). Blind Shopping’s architecture is based on three components. Firstly, a navigation system provides the user with synthetic verbal instructions to users via headphones connected to the smart phone device being used in order to guide them around the store. This requires a RFID reader to be attached to the tip of the user’s white cane and road-marking-like RFID tag lines to be distributed throughout the aisles. A smartphone application processes the RFID data that is received by the smart phone via Bluetooth generating the verbal navigation commands as a result. Products are recognised by pointing a QR code reader enabled smart phone at an embossed code located on a shelf. The system is managed by a Rich Internet Application (RIA) interface, which operates by Web browser, and is used to register the RFID tags situated in the aisles and the QR codes located on shelves (López-de-Ipiña and 37-38). A typical use-scenario for Blind Shopping involves a user activating the system by tracing an “L” on the screen or issuing the “Location” voice command, which activates the supermarket navigation system which then asks the user to either touch an RFID floor marking with their cane or scan a QR code on a nearby shelf to orient the system. The application then asks the user to dictate the product or category of product that they wish to locate. The smart phone maintains a continuous Bluetooth connection with the RFID reader to keep track of user location at all times. By drawing a “P” or issuing the “Product” voice command, a user can switch the device into product recognition mode where the smart phone camera is pointed at an embossed QR code on a shelf to retrieve information about a product such as manufacturer, name, weight, and price, via synthetic speech (López-de-Ipiña et al. 38-39). Despite both systems aiming to operate with as little environmental adjustment as possible, as well as minimise the extent to which a supermarket would need to allocate infrastructural, administrative, and human resources to implementing assistive technologies for vision impaired shoppers, there will undoubtedly be significant establishment and maintenance costs associated with the adoption of production versions of systems resembling either prototype described in this paper. As both systems rely on data obtained from a server by invoking Web services, supermarkets would need to provide in-store WiFi. Further, both systems’ dependence on store inventory data would mean that commercial versions of either of these systems are likely to be supermarket specific or exclusive given that there will be policies in place that forbid access to inventory systems, which contain pricing information to third parties. Secondly, an assumption in the design of both prototypes is that the shopping task ends with the user arriving at home; this overlooks the important task of being able to recognise products in order to put them away or to use at a later time.The BCM and QR product recognition components of both respective prototypic systems associates information to products in order to assist users in the product search and selection sub-tasks. However, information such as use-by dates, discount offers, country of manufacture, country of manufacturer’s origin, nutritional information, and the labelling of products as Halal, Kosher, containing alcohol, nuts, gluten, lactose, phenylalanine, and so on, create further challenges in how different data sources are managed within the devices’ software architecture. The reliance of both systems on existing smartphone technology is also problematic. Changes in the production and uptake of mobile communication devices, and the software that they operate on, occurs rapidly. Once the fit-out of a retail space with the necessary instrumentation in order to accommodate a particular system has occurred, this system is unlikely to be able to cater to the requirement for frequent upgrades, as built environments are less flexible in the upgrading of their technological infrastructure (Kellerman 148). This sets up a scenario where the supermarket may persist as a disabling space due to a gap between the functional capacities of applications designed for mobile communication devices and the environments in which they are to be used. Lists and Disabling Spatial PracticeThe development and provision of access to assistive technologies and the data they rely upon is a commercial issue (Ellis and Kent 7). The use of assistive technologies in supermarket-spaces that rely on the inter-functional coordination of multiple inventories may have the unintended effect of excluding people with disabilities from access to legitimate content (Ellis and Kent 7). With de Certeau, we can ask of supermarket-space “What spatial practices correspond, in the area where discipline is manipulated, to these apparatuses that produce a disciplinary space?" (96).In designing assistive technologies, such as those discussed in this paper, developers must strive to achieve integration across multiple data inventories. Software architectures must be optimised to overcome issues relating to intellectual property, cross platform access, standardisation, fidelity, potential duplication, and mass-storage. This need for “cross sectioning,” however, “merely adds to the muddle” (Lefebvre 8). This is a predicament that only intensifies as space and objects in space become increasingly “representable” (Galloway), and as the impetus for the project of spatial politics for the vision impaired moves beyond representation to centre on access and meaning-making.ConclusionSupermarkets act as sites of hegemony, resistance, difference, and transformation, where the vision impaired and their allies resist the “repressive socialization of impaired bodies” through their own social movements relating to environmental accessibility and the technology assisted spatial practice of shopping (Gleeson 129). It is undeniable that the prototype technologies described in this paper, and those like it, indeed do have a great deal of emancipatory potential. However, it should be understood that these devices produce representations of supermarket-space as a simulation within a framework that attempts to mimic the real, and these representations are pre-determined by the industrial, technological, and regulatory forces that govern their production (Lefebvre 8). Thus, the potential of assistive technologies is dependent upon a range of constraints relating to data accessibility, and the interaction of various kinds of lists across the geographic area that surrounds the supermarket, locomotor, haptic, and search spaces of the supermarket, the home-space, and the internal spaces of a shopper’s imaginary. These interactions are important in contributing to the reproduction of disability in supermarkets through the use of assistive shopping technologies. The ways by which people make and read shopping lists complicate the relations between supermarket-space as location data and product inventories versus that which is intuited and experienced by a shopper (Sutherland). Not only should we be creating inventories of supermarket locomotor, haptic, and search spaces, the attention of developers working in this area of assistive technologies should look beyond the challenges of spatial representation and move towards a focus on issues of interoperability and expanded access of spatial inventory databases and data within and beyond supermarket-space.ReferencesDe Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Print.De Souza e Silva, A. “From Cyber to Hybrid: Mobile Technologies As Interfaces of Hybrid Spaces.” Space and Culture 9.3 (2006): 261-78.Ellis, Katie, and Mike Kent. Disability and New Media. New York: Routledge, 2011.Farman, Jason. Mobile Interface Theory: Embodied Space and Locative Media. New York: Routledge, 2012.Galloway, Alexander. “Are Some Things Unrepresentable?” Theory, Culture and Society 28 (2011): 85-102.Gleeson, Brendan. Geographies of Disability. London: Routledge, 1999.Goggin, Gerard. Cell Phone Culture: Mobile Technology in Everyday Life. London: Routledge, 2006.Haber, Alex. “Mapping the Void in Perec’s Species of Spaces.” Tattered Fragments of the Map. Ed. Adam Katz and Brian Rosa. S.l.: Thelimitsoffun.org, 2009.Jolley, William M. When the Tide Comes in: Towards Accessible Telecommunications for People with Disabilities in Australia. Sydney: Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 2003.Keaggy, Bill. Milk Eggs Vodka: Grocery Lists Lost and Found. Cincinnati, Ohio: HOW Books, 2007.Kellerman, Aharon. Personal Mobilities. London: Routledge, 2006.Kleege, Georgia. “Blindness and Visual Culture: An Eyewitness Account.” The Disability Studies Reader. 2nd edition. Ed. Lennard J. Davis. New York: Routledge, 2006. 391-98.Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1991.López-de-Ipiña, Diego, Tania Lorido, and Unai López. “Indoor Navigation and Product Recognition for Blind People Assisted Shopping.” Ambient Assisted Living. Ed. J. Bravo, R. Hervás, and V. Villarreal. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2011. 25-32. May, Michael, and Charles LaPierre. “Accessible Global Position System (GPS) and Related Orientation Technologies.” Assistive Technology for Visually Impaired and Blind People. Ed. Marion A. Hersh, and Michael A. Johnson. London: Springer-Verlag, 2008. 261-88. Nicholson, John, Vladimir Kulyukin, and Daniel Coster. “Shoptalk: Independent Blind Shopping Through Verbal Route Directions and Barcode Scans.” The Open Rehabilitation Journal 2.1 (2009): 11-23.Perec, Georges. Species of Spaces and Other Pieces. Trans. and Ed. John Sturrock. London: Penguin Books, 1997.Schillmeier, Michael W. J. Rethinking Disability: Bodies, Senses, and Things. New York: Routledge, 2010.Sutherland, I. “Mobile Media and the Socio-Technical Protocols of the Supermarket.” Australian Journal of Communication. 36.1 (2009): 73-84.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

There is scientific and legal controversy about recent technological advances in performance running shoes that reduce the energetic cost of running and may provide a distinct competitive advantage. To better understand the potential performance-enhancing effects of technological advancements in marathon racing shoes, we examined the finishing times and racing shoes of the top 50 male and 50 female runners from the World Marathon Major series in the 2010s - before and after the introduction of new Nike shoe models (4%, NEXT%, Alphafly, and other prototypes; herein referred to as neoteric Nikes). Data for racing shoes were available for 3,886 of the 3,900 performances recorded at the four annual marathons in Boston, London, Chicago, and New York. In full cohort analyses, marathon finishing times were 2.0% or 2.8 min (138.5±8.1 min vs. 141.3±7.4 min, P<0.001) faster for male runners wearing neoteric Nikes compared to other shoes. For females, marathon finishing times were 2.6% or 4.3 min (159.1±10.0 min vs. 163.4±10.7 min, P<0.001) faster for runners wearing neoteric Nikes. In a subset of within-runner changes in marathon performances (males, n = 138; females, n = 101), marathon finishing times improved by 0.8% or 1.2 min for males wearing neoteric Nikes relative to the most recent marathon in which other shoes were worn, and this performance-enhancing effect was greater among females who demonstrated 1.6% or 3.7 min improvement (P=0.002). Our results demonstrate that marathon performances are substantially when world-class athletes, and particularly females, wear marathon racing shoes with technological advancements.